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الخطبة في مناهج الثقافة الإسلامية بجامعاتنا
الأحد, سبتمبر 27, 2020 | 
مرسلة بواسطة
الدكتورة سهيلة زين العابدين حماد |
سهيلة زين العابدين حمّاد
نُشر في صفحة الرأي بجريدة المدينة يوم السبت الموافق 15
أغسطس 2020م
الذي استوقفني فيما ورد عن الخطبة في مناهج الثقافة
الإسلامية في جامعاتنا الآتي:
أولًا: ما ورد فيها جواز التلميح بالخطبة للمرأة
المعتدة لوفاة زوجها: " كأن يقول لها،
وهي في العدة:" أدعو الله أن يرزقني بزوجة صالحة، فتفهم المرأة أنّه يريد
خطبتها فلا حرج عليهما، وقد نصّ القرآن على هذه الحالة في قوله تعالى:(وَلَا
جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا عَرَّضْتُمْ بِهِ مِنْ خِطْبَةِ النِّسَاءِ أَوْ
أَكْنَنْتُمْ فِي أَنْفُسِكُمْ عَلِمَ اللَّهُ أَنَّكُمْ سَتَذْكُرُونَهُنَّ
وَلَكِنْ لَا تُوَاعِدُوهُنَّ سِرًّا إِلَّا أَنْ تَقُولُوا قَوْلًا مَعْرُوفًا وَلَا
تَعْزِمُوا عُقْدَةَ النِّكَاحِ حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ الْكِتَابُ أَجَلَهُ وَاعْلَمُوا
أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا فِي أَنْفُسِكُمْ فَاحْذَرُوهُ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ
اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ)[البقرة:235] وقد جاء في تفسير الطبري لهذه الآية:"حدثني
يعقوب قال، حدثنا ابن علية, عن ليث, عن مجاهد في قوله: (وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ
فِيمَا عَرَّضْتُمْ بِهِ مِنْ خِطْبَةِ النِّسَاءِ)، قال: يقول: " إنك لجميلة,
وإنك لنافقة, وإنك إلى خير ".
ويعني هذا جواز خروج المعتدة من بيتها، وهي كاشفة
لوجهها، وهذا خلاف ما يردده خطابنا الديني المفسر من قبل البشر بإلزام المرأة
تغطية وجهها، هذا أولًا، وثانيًا: الحكم بحبس المُعتدة في بيتها طوال عدتها حتى لو
كانت مُسِّنة، حتى جاءتني إحدى الطبيبات تسألني هل يوجد حرمة على أم زوجي ـــ وكانت
سيدة مسنِّة ـــ المعتدة لوفاة زوجها أن تأتي المسجد لتصلي صلاة التراويح؟
وهذا يُبيِّن
لنا مدى مخالفة خطابنا الديني المُفسّر من قبل البشر الخطاب الإلهي المُنزّل، ولكن
لشدة تأثير الخطاب الديني المُفسر من قبل البشر على عقول وأذهان أولادنا وبناتنا
أعتبر بعض الطلبة والطالبات أنّ هذا التعريض يدخل في نطاق التحرّش والمعاكسات، كما
اعتبرته أم إحدى الطالبات الجامعيات، بالقول
في تغريدة عبر التويتر، هل هذا أخلاقي؟ هل الدين دعا أن يتحرّش بالمرأة التي في
العدة أو المعاكسات بألفاظ مثل ذلك"، وقالت في تغريدة أخرى: "حتى
التلميحات وضع الإسلام ضوابط وشروط وأخلاقيات لا تترك هكذا بشكل عام، لأنّ الأصل
لمن في العدة تجنّب الاختلاط والخروج".
ثانيًا : ما ورد بشأن رد المخطوبة الهدايا التي أهداها
لها خطيبها فترة الخطوبة في حال فسخ الخطوبة إن كان الرفض من جهة المرأة.
إنّ
الهدايا التي يُقدّمها الخاطب لخطبته فترة الخطوبة "ُقدّمها من تلقاء نفسه،
ولم تُلزمه خطيبته، أو أحد من أهلها أن يُقدّمها لها، فتنطبق عليها أحكام"
الهبة" فكيف يُلزم بعض الفقهاء وبعض مدوني الأحوال الشخصية في البلاد العربية
أن ترد الخطيبة هداياه التي قدّمها لها فترة الخطوبة؟ [. الفقرة ب)
من المادة (3) من النظام الموحد للأحوال الشخصية لدول مجلس التعاون :
" يرد من عدل عن الخطبة دون مقتض الهدايا بعينها، إن كانت قائمة وإلا فمثلها
أو قيمتها يوم القبض ما لم يقض العرف بغير ذلك، أو كانت مما تستهلك
بطبيعتها."]
إنّ القائلين بِردِّ الهدايا للخاطب في حال فسخ
الخطبة، فهؤلاء تركوا ما جاء في السنة المشرّفة؛ إذ نهى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم
عن رد الهدية، إذا لم يكن هناك سبب يدعو لذلك،
فعَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى
اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ:(أجِيبُوا الدَّاعِيَ، وَلَا تَرُدُّوا الْهَدِيَّةَ،
وَلَا تَضْرِبُوا الْمُسْلِمِينَ).[رواه الإمام أحمد
(3838)، والبخاري في "الأدب المفرد"وابن حبان في "روضة العقلاء"وصحّحه
الألباني في "الإرواء"
قال ابن حبان رحمه الله ": زجر النَّبِيّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وسلم في هذا الخبر عَن ترك قبول الهدايا
بين المسلمين، فالواجب على المرء إذا أهديت إليه هدية: أن يقبلها، ولا يردها، ثم يثيب
عليها إذا قدر، ويشكر عنها، وإني لأستحب للناس بعث الهدايا إلى الإخوان بينهم؛ إذ
الهدية تورث المحبة وتذهب الضغينة" انتهى .
وروى الإمام أحمد
عَنْ خَالِدِ بْنِ عَدِيٍّ الْجُهَنِيِّ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى
اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُول:" مَنْ بَلَغَهُ مَعْرُوفٌ عَنْ أَخِيهِ
مِنْ غَيْرِ مَسْأَلَةٍ، وَلَا إِشْرَافِ نَفْسٍ، فَلْيَقْبَلْهُ وَلَا يَرُدَّهُ،
فَإِنَّمَا هُوَ رِزْقٌ سَاقَهُ اللهُ إِلَيْهِ"[رواه
الإمام أحمد (17936) ، وصحّحه الألباني في "الصحيحة"(1005)]
ثالثًا:
اعتبار الهدايا من المهر
الهدايا ليست من المهر
ممّا يِثير الدهشة والاستغراب اعتبار بعض الفقهاء، وفي بعض مدونات الأحوال
الشخصية أنّ الهدايا في فترة الخطوبة من
المهر، ومعروف أنّ المهر منصوص على قيمته
في عقد الزواج، ولا علاقة للهدايا التي يقدمها الخاطب لخطيبته فترة الخطوبة بالمهر،
لأنّ اعتبارها من المهر سيلزم الزوجة بإعادتها لزوجها في حالة الخلع، وفي هذا
منتهى الظلم للمرأة، فالخطيب لم يلزمه أحد بإهداء خطيبته هدايا، هو أهداها لها بدافع
من نفسه، وبرضاه، فكيف يحق له استرجاعها إذا فسخت الخطيبة الخطبة، والعرف لا يُعطي
هذا الخطيب حق استرجاع هديته التي يُهديها لشخص ما، فلماذا يُعطى حق استرجاعها من
خطيبته في حال فسخها الخطوبة؟
المصدر
: جريدة المدينة https://www.al-madina.com/article/697355/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7
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